High Middle Ages

The High Middle Ages span the period from about 1050 to 1250. During this time, the East Franconian kings attained imperial dignity and, together with the Pope or against each other, claimed leadership in Europe. In the shadow of these confrontations, a national kingdom developed in the other parts of western and eastern Europe, dedicated entirely to expanding its power. In Germany, the high nobles expanded their power and independence as sovereigns (territorial lords).

The church with the established papacy developed a clear hierarchy internally. Externally, she fought with the secular rulers for supremacy. These power struggles were condemned by many contemporaries. Thus, church reform movements developed in Germany, but at this time there was also an investiture dispute. The High Middle Ages were also the heyday of religious orders, such as the Cistercians or Premostratsians.

Education came to the fore in the High Middle Ages: Cathedral and monastery schools were established and the first universities were established. Apart from theology, the subjects medicine and law were primarily taught. This educational revolution was made possible by the rediscovery of ancient writings such as those of Aristotle.

However, the High Middle Ages were also the time of the Crusades, which can be regarded as the first European colonization. This era was also the heyday of chivalry, which was redefined as a result of those Crusades, for example through knightly orders.

On the state segment, the Holy Roman Empire declined in power during this period, while the national kingdoms (England and France) grew in power and influence. In the economic sphere, a banking system developed, especially in northern Italy.