Encoder

encoder, also known as incremental encoders, are technical components that can detect changes in directions, distances and changes in position. This detection takes place either via photoelectric sensors, sliding contacts or via magnetic contacts. In photoelectric scanning, a light source is used for measurement. In addition, light-emitting diodes, so-called LEDs, are usually used. Furthermore, a capacitor, a photo-optical component and a material measure are required for the measurement. However, these components are not absolutely necessary. An example would be the "optical" computer mouse that has been used for several years. With this only the minimum number of required parts is installed.
When measuring using sliding contacts, the change in direction is recorded via a mechanical rotary control, which supplies a different electrical voltage value depending on the position. Although these are cheap to manufacture, after a certain time they show signs of wear caused by the rotary movements. An example of such a rotary control, also known as a potentiometer (potti), is the volume control or balance control. center control.....etc. a stereo system.
Finally, the detection via magnetic scanning would have to be explained. A carrier is magnetized at different distances. This creates a division into magnetic and non-magnetic areas which are then used for the measurement.