South America off Geography, Continents | lexolino.com
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South America

South America:

history:

In South America one finds the first traces of a population between 20,000 and 10,000 BC. The oldest American culture is the Valdivia culture in Ecuador in the 4th century BC. Individual local cultures developed from the 2nd millennium BC. throughout South America. The earliest high culture that is still recognizable today was the Chavin de Huántar, which was founded around 800 BC. - 300 BC existed. There were also the Paracas, Nazca, Moche, Chimú and Chachapoya cultures, among others.

From around the year 1200 to 1532, the Inca ruled over large parts of the continent. The huge empire created by the Incas was crushed by the Spanish conquerors. As early as 1494, Pope Alexander VI. divided between Spain and Portugal, today's Brazil was given to Portugal, Panama and the rest of the continent fell to Spain. In 1843 the viceroyalty of New Spain and Peru were founded, and in 1717 Ecuador and Colombia formed the viceroyalty of New Granada with Venezuela. Bolivia, Chile, Argentina and Paraguay created the new Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata in 1776. Argentina gained independence in the south in 1816, followed by Chile the following year. Colombia was liberated in 1819 and independence from Ecuador was achieved in 1822. In the same year, independence from Brazil was proclaimed and it became a monarchy. In 1824, the Spanish finally withdrew from South America. After that, Greater Colombia arose from the states of Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador. After Peru and Bolivia briefly joined the alliance, the confederation finally disintegrated in 1832, after which today's nation states were formed. natural space:

With an area of ​​17,843,000 km², South America is the fourth largest continent on earth. Including the islands, Cape Horn in the Tierra del Fuego archipelago is considered the southern tip of South America. South America is crossed on the west side by the high mountains of the Andes. In the east, low mountain ranges and tablelands predominate, between which extensive lowlands stretch. The main rivers of the continent are: Orinoco, Amazon and Paraguay-Paraná, which flow to the Atlantic Ocean.

Climate:

Most of the continent lies in the tropics. The south has a moderate climate, Tierra del Fuego the sub-polar climate. The climate in the Andes is determined by the altitude. The west coast in the north with extremely high precipitation is desert-like in the middle under the influence of the cold Humboldt Current.

Vegetation and wildlife:

To the east of the Andes, tropical forests predominate in the hot, humid equatorial lowlands, while savannahs, light dry forests and scrubland prevail in the table and mountainous regions. Grassy steppes are common in the Argentine lowlands, dry and desert steppes in eastern Patagonia and evergreen forests in western Patagonia. South America is crossed on the west side by the high mountains of the Andes. In the east, low mountain ranges and tablelands predominate, between which extensive lowlands stretch.

The wildlife is rich with native species such as jaguars, pumas, sloths, anteaters, armadillos, opossums, hummingbirds, parrots, condors and boa constrictors.

Population:

The population of South America is around 350 million people. Mixed breeds such as mestizos, zambos and mulattoes predominate on the continent. Remnant groups of the indigenous people live almost exclusively in the Amazon region and in the central and northern Andean highlands. Blacks and mulattoes live mainly in Brazil and the tropical coastal areas. Numerous Europeans and Asians have immigrated since the 19th century. The population distribution is very unequal with an average population density of about 20 inhabitants per km².

Economy:

In South America the gap between rich and poor is huge. This large gap can be seen in many South American cities, where shanty towns and slums sit alongside skyscrapers and luxury apartments. Only in Chile are the social differences less visible. The Union of South American Nations is a proposed continent-wide free trade agreement.


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